This study explores how Ferdowsi’s epic Shahnameh has served as the enduring embodiment of Iranian national identity, tracing the origins of this identity to ancient Persian myths and historical accounts. Based on a particular rendition of the Xhwadāy-Nāmag text, the Shahnameh played an instrumental role in safeguarding Iranian culture and stoking national pride during epochs marked by political turmoil and cultural subjugation. Ferdowsi’s masterpiece preserves Iranian identity through depicting political unity under Iranian rulers across time; geographical unity centered on the conception of Iranshahr as the dominion, despite changing borders; and historical unity through a consistent, conflict-free narrative distinct from other sources. The research underscores the resilience of this Iranian cultural identity that not only persisted but thrived within literary, artistic and folk traditions, awaiting the eventual restoration of political sovereignty under the Safavid dynasty.